Butler

A butler is a servant in a large rich household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male, and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were better paid and therefore rarer and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status.
In modern usage, the butler is in charge of food service, wine, spirits, and silver, supervises other servants, and may perform a wide array of household management duties. Butlers may also be titled majordomo, butler administrator, staff manager, or head of household staff, and in the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler.

(A butler in the White House Butler's Pantry.)

Background 

In modern houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as majordomo, butler administrator, house manager, manservant, staff manager, chief of staff, staff captain, estate manager and head of household staff are sometimes given. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given, but perhaps more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer. 

The word "butler" derives from the Old French bouteleur (cup bearer), from bouteille, (bottle), and ultimately from Latin. The role of the butler, for centuries, has been that of the chief steward of a household, the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household's assets.

In Britain, the butler was originally a middle ranking member of the staff of a grand household. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the butler gradually became the usually senior male member of a household's staff in the very grandest households, though there was sometimes a steward who ran the outside estate and financial affairs, rather than just the household, and who was senior to the butler in social status into the 19th century. Butlers used to always be attired in a special uniform, distinct from the livery of junior servants, but today a butler is more likely to wear a business suit or business casual clothing and appear in uniform only on special occasions.
A Silverman or Silver Butler has expertise and professional knowledge of the management, secure storage, use and cleaning of all silverware, associated tableware and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions. See also Silver (household).

Origin and history

 

(A slave in charge of wine in ancient Rome. The garb indicates he was probably of Phrygian origin.)

The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages.

Ancient through medieval eras
From ancient through medieval times, alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels, then later in wooden barrels, rather than in glass bottles; these containers would have been an important part of a household's possessions. The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves, although the job could also go to free persons because of heredity-based class lines or the inheritance of trades.
The biblical book of Genesis contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaoh's שקה (shaqah) (literally "to give to drink"), which is most often translated into English as "chief butler" or "chief cup-bearer".
In ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the Medieval Era the pincerna, usually a serf, filled the role within the noble court. The English word "butler" itself derives from the Middle English word boteler (and several other forms), from Old French bouteillier ("bottle bearer"), and before that from Middle Latin butticula. "Butticula", in turn, came down to English as "butt" from the Latin buttis, meaning a large cask. The modern English "butler" thus relates both to bottles and casks.Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house, in charge of the buttery (originally a storeroom for "butts" of liquor, although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry). While this is so for household butlers, those with the same title but in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of administrative power and were only minimally involved with various stores.

(A pincerna depicted in service to a noble court during the Medieval Era.)

Elizabethan through Victorian eras

The Steward of the Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged. Gradually, throughout the 19th century and particularly the Victorian era, as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries (including America), the butler became a senior male servant of a household's staff. By this time he was in charge of the more modern wine cellar, the "buttery" or pantry (from French pan from Latin panis, bread) as it came to be called, which supplied bread, butter, cheese, and other basic provisions, and the ewery, which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties. Mrs Beaton's Book of Household Management, a manual published in Britain in 1861, reported:

The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master, from the owner of the ducal mansion, with a retinue of attendants, at the head of which is the chamberlain and house-steward, to the occupier of the humbler house, where a single footman, or even the odd man-of-all-work, is the only male retainer. The majority of gentlemen's establishments probably comprise a servant out of livery, or butler, a footman, and coachman, or coachman and groom, where the horses exceed two or three.

 

 (Glanusk Park in Powys County, U.K., in 1891. The residence had 17 servants in residence. The largest stately houses could have 40 or more.)

Butlers were head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect. They were more managerial than "hands on"—more so than serving, they officiated in service. For example, although the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door was actually opened by a footman, who would receive the guest's hat and coat. Even though the butler helped his employer into his coat, this had been handed to him by a footman. However, even the highest-ranking butler would "pitch in" when necessary, such as during a staff shortage, to ensure that the household ran smoothly, although some evidence suggests this was so even during normal times.
The household itself was generally divided into areas of responsibility. The butler was in charge of the dining room, the wine cellar, pantry, and sometimes the entire main floor. Directly under the butler was the first footman (or head footman), who was also deputy butler or under-butler that would fill in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. The footman—there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household—performed a range of duties including serving meals, attending doors, carrying or moving heavy items, and they often doubled as valets. Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer. Butlers engaged and directed all these junior staff and each reported directly to him. The housekeeper was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance. In a household without an official head housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler's management, while in smaller households, the butler usually doubled as valet. Employers and their children and guests addressed the butler by last name alone; fellow servants, retainers, and tradespersons as "Mr. [Surname]".
Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. Beaton in her manual suggested a GBP 25 - 50 (USD 2,675 - 5,350) per-year salary for butlers; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits, and tipping known as vails, were common. The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families, as did all other servants within the hierarchy.

Butlers in early America

 

(Robert Roberts's The House Servant' Directory, 1827.)

From the beginning of slavery in America, in the early 17th century, African Americans were put to task as domestic servants. Some eventually became butlers. Gary Puckrein, a social historian, argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalised the sorts of "refined" norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their masters or mistresses. One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts. The book, The House Servant's Directory, first published in 1827, is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters, and is called by Puckrein "the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum America". The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828, and a third in 1843.
European indentured servants formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn. Although not the victims of institutionalised slavery, many of these had not volunteered for domestic service, but were forced into it by indebtedness or coercion. As with African American slaves, they could rise in domestic service, and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the disposition of their masters.

The modern butler

Beginning around the early 1920s, employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall decline in western European countries, and even more markedly in the United States. Even so, there were still around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II. As few as one-hundred were estimated to remain by the mid-1980s. Social historian Barry Higman argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with a high level of socio-economic inequality. Conversely, as a society undergoes levelling among its social classes, the number employed in domestic service declines.
Following varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated globalisation beginning in the late 1980s, overall global demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically. According to Charles MacPherson, vice chairman of the International Guild of Professional Butlers, the proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years, and such people are finding that they desire assistance in managing their households. MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy in China has particularly increased, creating in that country a high demand for professional butlers who have been trained in the European butlering tradition. There is also increasing demand for such butlers in other Asian countries, India, and the petroleum-rich Middle East.
Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship. As the 21st century approached, many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household servants. Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic, and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs—from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff. Whilst in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top-ranked household affairs manager, in lesser homes, such as those of dual-income middle-class professionals, they perform a full array of household and personal assistant duties, including mundane housekeeping. Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings, embassies, cruise ships, yachts, or within their own small "Rent-a-Butler" business or similar agency.
Along with these changes of scope and context, butlering attire has changed. Whereas butlers have traditionally worn a special uniform that separated them from junior servants, and although this is still often the case, butlers today may adorn more casual clothing geared for climate, while exchanging it for formal business attire only upon special service occasions. There are cultural distinctivenesses, as well. In the United States, butlers may frequently adorn a polo shirt and slacks, while in Bali they typically wear sarongs.
In 2007, the number of butlers in Britain had risen to an estimated 5,000.

Training

Butlers traditionally learned their position while progressing their way up the service ladder. For example, in the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park, retired butler Arthur Inch (born 1915) describes starting as a hall boy. Whilst this is still often the case, numerous private butlering schools exist today, such as the International Institute of Modern Butlers, the Guild of Professional English Butlers, and The International Guild of Butlers & Household Managers; top graduates can start at USD 50,000 - 60,000 (GBP 25,350 - 30,400). Additionally, major up-market hotels such as the Ritz-Carlton offer traditional butler training, while some hotels have trained a sort of pseudo-butler for service in defined areas such as "technology butlers", who fix guests' computers and other electronic devices, and "bath butlers" who draw custom baths.
Starkey International distinguishes between the "British butler" prototype and its American counterpart, often dubbed the "household manager". Starkey states that they train and promote the latter, believing that Americans do not have the "servant mentality" that is part of the British Butler tradition. They stress that their American-style butlers and valets are educated and certified, although some students, numerous former Starkey employees, and several wealthy clients have criticised the programme and its owner. Magnums Butlers, a school based in Australia, conducts training after the British model at sites in Asia and the Pacific, Australia, the United Kingdom and the Middle East. The International Institute of Modern Butlers provides on-site training in various places around the world as well as via correspondence. In 2007, City & Guilds, the U.K.'s largest awarder of vocational credentials, introduced a diploma programme for butlers.
In addition to formal training, a few books have been published recently to assist butlers in their duties, including Arthur Inch's and Arlene Hirst's 2003 Dinner is Served. Moreover, websites, as well as a news publication, Modern Butlers' Journal, help butlers to network and keep abreast of developments within their field.
Ferry argues that what he calls a "butler mindset" is beneficial to all people within all professions. He states that an attitude of devoted service to others, deference, and the keeping of confidences can help all people succeed.

Gender and butlering

Butlers have traditionally been male, and this remains the norm. Probably the first mention of a female butler is in the 1892 book Interludes being Two Essays, a Story, and Some Verses by Horace Smith. In it Smith quotes a certain Sydney Smith who had apparently run into lean times:

A man servant was too expensive, so I caught up a little garden girl, made like a milestone, christened her Bunch, put a napkin in her hand, and made her my butler. The girls taught her to read, Mrs. Sydney to wait, and I undertook her morals. Bunch became the best butler in the country.

Today, female butlers are sometimes preferred, especially for work within Middle and Far Eastern families where it may be religiously problematic for males to work closely with females in a household. Western female celebrities may also prefer a female butler, as may households where the wife is driving the decision to hire a butler. In 2004, Buckingham Palace announced it was actively recruiting females for the position. Despite these trends, the Ivor Spencer School asserts that female butlers are not easily placed, on the whole.
In ancient times, the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity-based class structures. With the advent of the medieval era, butlering became an opportunity for social advancement—even more so during Victorian times. Although still based upon various antecedent roles as manifested during different eras, butlering today has frequently taken over many of the roles formerly reserved for lower ranking domestic servants. At the same time it has become a potentially lucrative career option.
 

Ninja atau Shinobi (忍者/忍び)

Ninja atau Shinobi (忍者 atau 忍び) (dalam bahasa Jepang, secara harfiah berarti "Seseorang yang bergerak secara rahasia") adalah seorang mata - mata jaman feodal di Jepang yang terlatih dalam seni ninjutsu (secara kasarnya "seni pergerakan sunyi") Jepang. Ninja, seperti samurai, mematuhi peraturan khas mereka sendiri, yang disebut ninpo. Menurut sebagian pengamat ninjutsu, keahlian seorang ninja bukanlah pembunuhan tetapi penyusupan. Ninja berasal dari bahasa Jepang yang berbunyi nin yang artinya menyusup. Jadi, keahlian khusus seorang ninja adalah menyusup dengan atau tanpa suara

Definisi

Ninja biasanya segera dikaitkan dengan sosok yng terampil beladiri, ahli menyusup dan serba misterius seperti yang tampak di dalam film atau manga (komik Jepang). Kata ninja terbentuk dari dua kata yaitu nin (忍) dan sha (者) yang masing-masing artinya adalah "tersembunyi" dan "orang". Jadi ninja adalah mata-mata profesional pada zaman feudal jepang. Sejarah ninja juga sangat sulit dilacak. Info mengenai keberadaan mereka tersimpan rapat-rapat dalam dokumen-dokumen rahasia.
Ninja juga bisa diartikan sebagai nama yang diberikan kepada seseorang yang menguasai dan mendalami seni bela diri ninjutsu. Nin artinya pertahanan dan jutsu adalah seni atau cara. Kata ninja juga diambil dari kata ninpo. Po artinya adalah falsafah hidup atau dengan kata lain ninpo adalah falsafah tertinggi dari ilmu beladiri ninjutsu yang menjadi dasar kehidupan seorang ninja. Jadi ninja akan selalu waspada dan terintregasi pada prinsip ninpo.
Ninja adalah mata-mata profesional di zaman ketika para samurai masih memegang kekuasaan tertinggi di pemerintahan Jepang pada abad ke-12. Pada abad ke-14 pertarungan memperebutkan kekuasaan semakin memanas, informasi tentang aktivitas dan kekuatan lawan menjadi penting, dan para ninja pun semakin aktif. Para ninja dipanggil oleh daimyo untuk mengumpulkan informasi, merusak dan menghancurkan gudang persenjataan ataupun gudang makanan, serta untuk memimpin pasukan penyerbuan di malam hari. Karena itu ninja memperoleh latiham khusus. Ninja tetap aktif sampai Zaman Edo (1600-1868), dimana akhirnya kekuasaan dibenahi oleh pemerintah di Zaman Edo.

Asal-usul ninja

Kemunculan ninja pada tahun 522 berhubungan erat dengan masuknya seni nonuse ke Jepang. Seni nonuse inilah yang membuka jalan bagi lahirnya ninja.
Seni nonuse atau yang biasa disebut seni bertindak diam-diam adalah suatu praktek keagamaan yang dilakukan oleh para pendeta yang pada saat itu bertugas memberikan info kepada orang-orang di pemerintahan. Sekitar tahun 645, pendeta-pendeta tersebut menyempurnakan kemampuan bela diri dan mulai menggunakan pengetahuan mereka tentang nonuse untuk melindungi diri dari intimidasi pemerintah pusat.
Pada tahun 794-1192, kehidupan masyarakat Jepang mulai berkembang dan melahirkan kelas-kelas baru berdasarkan kekayaan. Keluarga kelas ini saling bertarung satu sama lain dalam usahanya menggulingkan kekaisaran. Kebutuhan keluarga akan pembunuh dan mata-mata semakin meningkat untuk memperebutkan kekuasaan. Karena itu permintaan akan para praktisi nonuse semakin meningkat. Inilah awal kelahiran ninja. Pada abad ke-16 ninja sudah dikenal dan eksis sebagai suatu keluarga atau klan di kota Iga atau Koga. Ninja pada saat itu merupakan profesi yang berhubungan erat dengan intelijen tingkat tinggi dalam pemerintah feodal para raja di jepang. Berdasarkan hal itu, masing-masing klan memiliki tradisi mengajarkan ilmu beladiri secara rahasia dalam keluarganya saja. Ilmu beladiri yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama ninjutsu. Dalah ilmu yang diwariskan dari leluhur mereka dan atas hasil penyempurnaan seni berperang selama puluhan generasi. Menurut para ahli sejarah hal itu telah berlangsung selama lebih dari 4 abad. Ilmu itu meliputi filsafat FUDOSHIN, spionase, taktik perang komando, tenaga dalam, tenaga supranatural, dan berbagai jenis bela diri lain yang tumbuh dan berkembang menurut zaman.
Namun ada sebuah catatan sejarah yang mengatakan bahwa sekitar abad ke-9 terjadi eksodus dari Cina ke Jepang. Hal ini terjadi karena runtuhnya dinasti Tang dan adanya pergolakan politik. Sehingga banyak pengungsi yang mencari perlindungan ke jepang.sebagian dari mereka adalah jendral besar, prajurit dan biksu. Mereka menetap di provinsi Iga, di tengah pulau Honshu. Jendral tersebut antara lain Cho Gyokko, Ikai Cho Busho membawa pengetahuan mereka dan membaur dengan kebudayaan setempat. Strategi militer, filsafat kepercayaan, konsep kebudayaan, ilmu pengobatan tradisional, dan falsafah tradisional. Semuanya menyatu dengan kebiasaan setempat yang akhirnya membentuk ilmu yang bernama ninjutsu.

(Dataran Iga, yang dilingkupi pegunungan terpencil, memiliki desa-desa yang khusus melatih ninja.)

Bela diri ninjutsu

Gerakan beladiri ninjutsu hanya tendangan, lemparan, patahan, dan serangan. Kemudian dilengkapi dengan teknik pertahanan diri seperti bantingan, berputar dan teknik bantu seperti meloloskan diri, mengendap, dan teknik khusus lainnya. Namun, dalam prakteknya ninja menghindari kontak langsung dengan lawannya, oleh karena itu berbagai alat lempar, lontar, tembak, dan penyamaran lebih sering digunakan. Berbeda dengan seni beladiri lain, ninjutsu mengajarkan teknik spionase, sabotase, melumpuhkan lawan, dan menjatuhkan mental lawan. Ilmu tersebut digunakan untuk melindungi keluarga ninja mereka. Apa yang dilakukan ninja memang sulit dimengerti. Pada satu sisi harus bertempur untuk melindungi, di sisi lain ninja harus mengutamakan kecerdikan saat menggunakan jurus untuk menghadapi lawan. Di sisi lain ajaran ninpo memberi petunjuk bahwa salah satu tujuan ninjutsu adalah mengaktifkan indra keenam mereka. paduan intuisi dan kekuatan fisik pada jangka waktu yang lama memungkinkan para ninja untuk mengaktifkan indra keenamnya. Sehingga dapat mengenal orang lain dengan baik dan mengerti berbagai persoalan dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu.
Di dalam ninpo terdapat teknik beladiri tangan kosong (taijutsu), teknik pedang (kenjutsu), teknik bahan peledak dan senjata api (kajutsu), teknik hipnotis (saimonjutsu), dan teknik ilusi(genjutsu). Pada aliran Togakure Ryu dikenal adanya latihan olah energi yang disebut Kuji Kiri. Prinsipnya adalah penggabungan antara kekuatan fisik dan mental. Penyaluran energi yang tepat dari tenaga kuji kiri dapat bersifat menghancurkan, namun di sisi lain jika digunakan untuk olah pikir dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan persoalan yang pelik.
Ninjutsu akan sia-sia jika ninja tidak memiliki mental dan spiritual yang kuat. Untuk itu ninja harus menguasai Kuji-in, yaitu kekuatan spiritual dan mental berdasarkan simbol yang terdapat di telapak tangan yang dipercaya menjadi saluran energi. Simbol di tangan di ambil dari praktek pada massa awal penyebaran agama Buddha. Kuji-in digunakan untuk membangun kepercayaan diri dan kekuatan seorang ninja. Kuji-in mampu meningkatkan kepekaan terhadap keadaan bahaya dan mendeteksi adanya kematian.
Dari 81 simbol yang ada, hanya 9 yang utama, yaitu rin(memberi kekuatan tubuh), hei (memberi kekuatan menyamarkan kehadiran seseorang), Toh (menyeimbangkan bagian padat dan cair pada tubuh), sha (kemampuan menyembuhkan), kai(memberi kontrol menyeluruh terhadap fungsi tubuh), jin(meningkatkan kekuatan telepati), retsu (memberi kekuatan telekinetik), zai (meningkatkan keselarasan terhadap alam), dan zen (memberi pencerahan pikiran dan pemahaman). Seorang ninja akan menjadi master sejati dengan menguasai simbol-simbol ini.
Walaupun terdapat banyak keluarga ninja di Jepang, baru sekitar tahun enam puluhan keluarga ninja baru dapat di dekati oleh orang luar. Pada tahun 1960 televisi jepang menayangkan laporan dokumentasi dan sejarah ninja. Setelah itu salah satu aliran yang dapat membuka diri dan memperkenalkan ninja ke dunia luar adalah aliran togakure-ryu dengan pewaris dari generasi ke 34, masaaki hatsumi,.yang profesi sehari-harinya adalah seorang tabib ahli penyembuhan dan pengobatan tulang. Pada tahun 1978 ninjutsu berhasil di publikasikan dan diajarkan ke amerika oleh stephen k. hayes. Sejak saat itu ninjutsu menjadi cabang beladiri yang paling banyak diminati.

(Diagram Bansenshukai ini berisikan ramalan dan kosmologi esoterik (onmyōdō) untuk menetapkan waktu ideal seorang ninja melakukan tindakan tertentu.)

Peralatan ninja

Ninja diharuskan untuk bisa bertahan hidup di tengah alam, karena itu mereka menjadi terlatih secara alamiah untuk mampu membedakan tumbuhan yang bisa dimakan, tumbuhan racun, dan tumbuhan obat. Mereka memiliki metode cerdik untuk mengetahui waktu dan mata angin. Ninja menggunakan bintang sebagai alat navigasi mereka ketika menjalankan misi di malam hari.mereka juga mahir memasang perangkap, memasak hewan, membangun tempat berlindung, menemukan air dan membuat api.
Ninja memakai baju yang menutup tubuh mereka kecuali telapak tangan dan seputar mata. Baju ninja ini disebut shinobi shozoko. shinobi shozoko memiliki 3 warna. Baju warna hitam biasanya dipakai ketika melakukan misi di malam hari dan bisa juga sebagai tanda kematian yang nyata bagi sang target. Warna putih digunakan untuk misi di hari bersalju. Warna hijau sebagai kamuflase agar mereka tidak terlihat dalam lingkungan hutan.
Shinobi shozoko memiliki banyak kantong di dalam dan luarnya. Kantong ini digunakan untuk menyimpan peralatan kecil dan senjata yang mereka butuhkan, seperti racun, shuriken, pisau, bom asap dan lain-lain. Ninja juga membawa kotak P3K kecil tradisional, yang diisi dengan cairan dan minuman. Ninja juga memakai tabi yang mirip sepatu boot. Celah yang memisahkan jempol kaki dengan jari lainnya memudahkan ninja saat memanjat tali atau dinding.
Ninja wanita atau kunoichi yang biasanya bekerja dengan menggunakan kefemininan mereka ketika melakukan pendekatan pada sang target menggunakan manipulasi kejiwaan dan perang batin sebagai senjata mereka. mereka bisa mendekati target dan membunuhnya tanpa jejak. Kunoichi memiliki misi yang berbeda dengan ninja laki-laki. Mereka lebih sering dekat dengan target, sehingga mereka juga lebih sering menggunakan senjata jarak dekat seperti metsubishi, racun, golok, tali, dan tessen. Selain itu senjata-senjata tersebut juga praktis dibawa tanpa kelihatan.
Ninja memiliki senjata dalam berbagai jenis, bentuk, dan ukuran. Senjata yang biasanya dipakai adalah katana (pedang) dan sering diletakkan di punggung. Senjata lempar seperti pisau kecil, atau cakram berbentuk bintang, dikenal sebagai shuriken. Peralatan canggih ninja lainnya adalah sabit berantai yang disebut kusarigama, kaginawa (jangkar bertali) untuk memanjat dinding, ashiaro untuk membuat jejak kaki palsu agar tidak terlacak saat menjalankan misi, metsubushi (cangkang telur yang diisi dengan pasir dan serbuk logam, biasanya juga kotoran tikus) yang berfungsi untuk membutakan lawan.

 (Anak panah, paku, pisau, dan cakram bintang tajam, secara kolektif dikenal sebagai shuriken, senjata rahasia ninja.)

(Sepasang kusarigama, dipamerkan di Istana Iwakuni.)

Pelatihan

Pada saat anak-anak ninja telah dilatih untuk waspada dan dididik dalam kerahasiaan dan tradisi ilmu mereka. Pada umur 5-6 tahun mereka diperkenalkan dengan permainan ketangkasan dan keseimbangan tubuh. Anak-anak disuruh berjalan di atas papan titian yang sangat keci, mendaki papan yang terjal, dan melompati semak-semak yang berduri. Pada umur 9 tahun mereka dilatih untuk kelenturan otot. Anak-anak berlatih berguling dan meloncat. Setelah itu anak-anak diajarkan teknik memukul dan menendang pada target jerami yang di ikat. Setelah itu pelatihan meningkat ke seni bela diri tanpa senjata dan setelahnya dasar-dasar menggunakan pedang dan tongkat.
Pada masa remaja mereka diajari cara menggunakan senjata khusus. Melempar pisau, penyembunyian senjata, teknik tali, berenang, taktik bawah air, dan teknik menggunakan alam untuk mendapat informasai atau untuk menyembunyikan diri. Waktu mereka dihabiskan dalam ruang tertutup atau bergelantungan di pohon untuk membangun kesabaran, daya tahan, dan stamina. Terdapat pula latihan gerak tanpa suara dan lari jarak jauh. Mereka juga diajarkan teknik melompat dari pohon ke pohon atau atap ke atap.
Pada masa akhir remaja ninja belajar menjadi aktor dan psikologi melalui tingkah laku mereka sendiri dan orang-orang di sekitarnya. Mereka mulai mengerti cara bekerja jiwa manusia, menggunakan kelemahan orang lain untuk keuntungan mereka. Mereka juga belajar membuat obat-obatan, mendapatkan jalan masuk rahasia ke dalam sebuah bangunan, cara memanjat dinding, melewati atap, mencuri di bawah rantai, mengikat musuh, cara kabur, dan menggambar peta, rute, petunjuk jalan, serta wajah.

Filosofi ninja

Filosofi ninja adalah meraih hasil maksimal dengan tenaga minimum. Muslihat dan taktik lebih sering dilakukan daripada konfrontasi langsung.
Ninja tidak memiliki status mulia seperti samurai, sehingga ninja bebas melakukan apapun untuk mengatasi masalah tanpa terikat oleh nama baik keluarga dan kehormatan.

Sejarah Ninja

Sejarah Ninja

Ninja dalam sejarah Jepang itu seperti sebuah bayangan,,Shinobi atau Ninja (dalam bahasa Jepang:忍者, harafiah, "Seseorang yang bergerak secara rahasia") adalah seorang pembunuh yang terlatih dalam seni ninjutsu (secara kasarnya seni pergerakan sunyi) Jepang. Ninja, seperti samurai, mematuhi peraturan khas mereka sendiri, yang disebut ninpo. Menurut sebagian pengamat ninjutsu, keahlian seorang ninja bukanlah pembunuhan tetapi penyusupan. Jadi, keahlian khusus seorang ninja adalah menyusup dengan atau tanpa suara. Saat ini, ninja seperti legenda,seperti figure yang dipuja, muncul di game-game dan kartun anak-anak, juga sebagai genre dari film action seni bela diri.

Ninja biasanya segera dikaitkan dengan sosok yang terampil beladiri, ahli menyusup dan serba misterius seperti yang tampak di dalam film atau manga. Dalam kenyataannya penampilan ninja yang serba hitam ada benarnya, namun jika ada anggapan bahwa ninja identik dengan pembunuh brutal, berdarah dingin, pembuat onar, tukang sabotase, tidak demikian adanya. Kata ninja terbentuk dari dua kata yaitu nin dan sha yang masing-masing artinya adalah tersembunyi dan orang. Jadi ninja adalah mata-mata profesional pada zaman feudal jepang. Sejarah ninja juga sangat sulit dilacak. Info mengenai keberadaan mereka tersimpan rapat-rapat dalam dokumen-dokumen rahasia.

Ninja juga bisa diartikan sebagai nama yang diberikan kepada seseorang yang menguasai dan mendalami seni bela diri ninjutsu. Nin artinya pertahanan dan jutsu adalah seni atau cara. Kata ninja juga diambil dari kata ninpo. Po artinya adalah falsafah hidup atau dengan kata lain ninpo adalah falsafah tertinggi dari ilmu beladiri ninjutsu yang menjadi dasar kehidupan seorang ninja. Jadi ninja akan selalu waspada dan terintregasi pada prinsip ninpo.

Ninja dalah mata-mata profesionl di zaman ketika para samurai masih memegang kekuasaan tertinggi di pemerintahan jepang pada abad 12. Pada abad 14 pertarungan memperebutkan kekuasaan semakin memanas, informasi tentang aktivitas dan kekuatan lawan menjadi penting, dan para ninja pun semakin aktif. Para ninja dipanggil oleh daimyo untuk mengumpulkan informasi, merusak dan menghancurkan gudang persenjataan ataupun gudang makanan, serta untuk memimpin pasukan penyerbuan di malam hari.karena itu ninja memperoleh latiham khusus. Ninja tetap aktif sampai Zaman Edo (1600-1868), dimana akhirnya kekuasaan dibenahi oleh pemerintah di zaman edo

Gerakan beladiri ninjutsu hanya tendangan, lemparan, patahan, dan serangan. Kemudian dilengkapi dengan teknik pertahanan diri seperti bantingan, rolling dan teknik bantu seperti meloloskan diri, mengendap, dan teknik khusus lainnya. Namun, dalam prakteknya ninja menghindari kontak langsung dengan lawannya, oleh karena itu berbagai alat lempar, lontar, tembak, dan penyamaran lebih sering digunakan. Berbeda dengan seni beladiri lain. Ninjutsu mengajarkan teknik spionase, sabotase, melumpuhkan lawan, dan menjatuhkan mental lawan. Ilmu tersebut digunakan untuk melindungi keluarga ninja mereka. Apa yang dilakukan ninja memang sulit dimengerti.

Pada satu sisi harus bertempur untuk melindungi, di sisi lain ninja harus menerapkan “berperilaku kejam dan licik” saat menggunakan jurus untuk menghadapi lawan. Disisi lain ajaran ninpo memberi petunjuk bahwa salah satu tujuan ninjutsu adalah mengaktifkan indra keenam mereka. paduan intuisi dan kekuatan fisik pada jangka waktu yang lama memungkinkan para ninja untuk mengaktifkan indra keenamnya. Sehingga dapat mengenal orang lain dengan baik dan mengerti berbagai persoalan dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu.

Grim Reapers

Grim Reapers are in charge of deciding whether a dying soul should be allowed to continue living or to die with scythes that resemble gardening tools (some of which shouldn't even exist in that timeline such as a lawn mower and a chainsaw). They must remain neutral and must not kill for enjoyment. In the manga, there are three Grim Reapers introduced so far: Grell Sutcliff, William T. Spears and Ronald Knox (ロナルド・ノックス,). Grell forges a partnership with Madame Red after witnessing her murder a former patient and helps her murder prostitutes. The two become known as Jack the Ripper. When they are exposed as the killers, William T. Spears comes to the human world to punish Grell. Spears belongs to the Dispatch Management Division. Grell's scythe is confiscated and Grell does not reappear in the manga. Ronald Knox is portrayed as easy-going and social and uses a scythe in the shape of a lawn-mower. In the anime adaption, Undertaker is a legendary Grim Reaper in the Management level. He is highly respected by Spears. Although he is retired, Undertaker can access the Grim Reaper Library and alter the books. In the last episode of the anime adaption, the Grim Reapers cut away tainted souls unfit to be kept in the Grim Reaper Library. So far all Grim Reapers introduced have been shown to wear eyeglasses at some point in their life.

 

Grell Sutcliffe (グレル・サトクリフ)

Grell, in the anime adaptation, is a flamboyant Grim Reaper who works as Madame Red's butler. He is initially portrayed as worthless and is often seen in the anime adaption trying to commit suicide after mishandling tasks, something he did so often the Phantomhive staff just gave up on trying to stop him. As a Grim Reaper, he is characterized with red hair and shark-like teeth. Grell often refers to himself as a female and verbalizes his infatuation with Sebastian, much to the latter's disgust. He meets Madam Red while she is murdering a former patient. Grell and Madam forge a partnership and continue the murders. They are known as "Jack the Ripper". Grell's Grim Reaper scythe is illegally modified to look and function like a chainsaw. When cutting someone with his Scythe, their past memories are played out like a video reel; this is referred to as "Cinematic Record". Sebastian almost kills Grell with the Grim Reaper's own scythe, but he is stopped by William Spears. William beats Grell and takes him back to headquarters. In the manga, Grell has not appeared since. However, he makes a reappearance in the anime adaption, where his role is lengthened through missions William assigns him to investigate. His scythe is confiscated and Grell has to rely on small scissors able to cut through anything. At the anime's conclusion, William returns his chainsaw scythe so that he can help the other Grim Reapers destroy the tainted souls caused by Angela and Ash.

William T. Spears (ウィリアム・スピアーズ,) 

is a high-ranking death god and belongs to the Dispatch Management Division. He is portrayed as emotionless. William comes to the human world to take Grell back for punishment. He has a strong, open hatred for demons, to the point of becoming disgusted with himself after apologizing to Sebastian for Grell's behavior. His scythe is a double-sided clipper that is able to extend to unknown lengths. In the anime adaption, it appears to be the standard scythe. He is not as proficient at blending in with humans as Grell or Sebastian, often openly talking about Grim Reapers and demons, but the people that hear this think of him as a jokester. In the Circus Arc of the manga, he appears as one of performers under the stage name of 'Suit'. 

Undertaker (アンダーテイカー )

is, as his name suggests, a funeral director. He often works with corpses resulting from movements in the underworld of the United Kingdom and acts as Ciel's informant. He seems to have known Ciel's father, Vincent, as he appears as one of the "Evil Nobles". He is a rather eccentric man, almost always wearing a smile, and wishes to hear a funny joke for his services instead of receiving any of the "Queen's money". He shows a strong disdain for the Queen. In the anime adaptation, he is a legendary and retired Grim Reaper ranked in the Management level and is highly respected by William Spears. Although he is retired, he can still access the Grim Reaper Library and has the ability to alter the books using an item known as the death bookmark which is only in the possession of the highest ranking officials in the management level. He often does not return the books he borrows from the grim reaper library. In chapter 35, a manga panel showed that he is somehow linked to a person with a name, Claudia P. His scythe is akin to that of the stereotypical Grim Reaper scythe. ,

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